当将免疫原(例如致病生物的非传染性衍生物)引入体内,以引发免疫系统抵抗未来的攻击时,疫苗接种就产生了。灭活的病毒或病毒蛋白并不会繁殖或引起疾病,但是免疫系统仍然会将其视为一个威胁并做出反应,从而会产生一群 B 细胞,这些 B 细胞会留滞在周围,并且在需要时能够非常快速地产生针对真正病毒的抗体。
Vaccines not only protect the individual who has been vaccinated, but if a high enough proportion of people have been vaccinated, “herd immunity” can be achieved. The proportion of immune individuals required for herd immunity is based on the average number of people an infected individual will infect. For SARS-CoV-2, it is estimated that at minimum 43% of the population needs to be immune to achieve herd immunity. Where a population has herd immunity, if one person happens to get sick and is contagious, the pathogen is not likely to find another susceptible host to infect and the disease dies out from the population. Herd immunity is especially important to protect those who cannot receive a vaccine.
For example, Twist Biopharma is collaborating with Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) to build a proprietary synthetic antibody discovery library based on sequences derived from a recovered COVID-19 patient, and supplying synthetic genes and antibodies for the development of therapies for COVID-19.
Genetic engineering allows antibodies to be tailored to high antigen specificity, as well as to other attributes such as potency, speed of uptake, and half-life. Worldwide more than a hundred antibody therapies have been approved or are currently under regulatory review, for treatments of indications ranging from cancers to macular degeneration to HIV infection. Twist Bioscience’s Variant Libraries, and Twist Antibody Optimization service that use these libraries, both provide routes to rapid therapeutic development.